Determinants of Hired Labour Use in Small Cardamom Cultivation: Evidence from Cardamom Hills of Kerala, India
Elby Mathew, Anil Kuruvila, Anu Susan Sam, F. Thasnimol & Simi Asharaf · Asian Research Journal of Agriculture · 2026
Introduction: Hired labour plays an important role in small cardamom cultivation because plantation operations are labour-intensive and require timely completion of field activities. Changes in labour availability, production costs, and farm household conditions can influence the...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4932