Frank A Sandi

Abnormal Lipid Profiles as Markers of Diabetic Macular Edema among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre: A One-year Cross-sectional Study

Muhidini Huud Swalehe, William Makupa, Andrew Makupa, Rosina Deocar & Frank A Sandi · Asian Journal of Research and Reports in Ophthalmology · 2026

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major global health challenge and is associated with vision-threatening complications, including diabetic macular edema (DME), a leading cause of visual impairment. The abnormal lipids has been implicated in the development of macular...