Reference Values for Caudal Vena Cava and Aortic Dimensions in Healthy Labrador Retriever Dogs Using Ultrasonography
Janvi Gupta, Raj Sukhbir Singh, Randhir Singh & Harmanpreet Singh Sodhi · Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology · 2026
Background: Ultrasonographic assessment of the caudal vena cava (CVC) and aorta (Ao) is a useful non-invasive approach for evaluating intravascular volume status, but breed-specific reference values are limited in dogs. Aim: This study aimed to establish CVC and Ao measurements i...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/jabb/2026/v29i104445