Ruth Clinton Esele

Neglected Heavy Metals in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Systematic Review of Toxicity, Environmental Contamination, Health Risks, and Research Gaps

Ibioku Elekima, Eno Richard Okon, Queen Jacob Nwazim, Ruth Clinton Esele, Juliet Nnadi & Baribor Lakpege · Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2026

Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria hosts one of the largest crude oil reserves in Africa. Decades of oil exploration and production have released a wide range of toxic heavy metals into the environment. While lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) have attracted cons...