Evaluating the Biochemical Impact of D’General Bitters on Renal Function in Male Wistar Rats: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Background: Herbal preparations, including bitters, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties, but their effects on renal function has not been fully elucidated. D’General Bitters is a commercially available herbal formulation promoted for its detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical impact of D’General Bitters on renal function in adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with the control group receiving only water and feed. The experimental groups received varying doses (0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, and 0.8 ml) of D’General Bitters daily for 6 weeks. Phytochemical analysis was performed to identify bioactive compounds in the herbal drink. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, reducing sugars, and glycosides in D’General Bitters. Significant elevations in serum creatinine levels were observed in groups C and D, indicating potential renal stress. Urea levels were significantly increased (p <0.05) in groups B and C, while a significant (p <0.05) reduction was noted in group D. Uric acid levels decreased in groups C and D, suggesting potential therapeutic effects on uric acid metabolism. Conclusions: The findings suggest that D’General Bitters may alter renal biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner, with potential nephrotoxic effects at higher doses. However, the reduction in urea levels in the highest dose group may indicate a protective effect on kidney function. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and to assess the long-term safety of D’General Bitters for renal health.