A Comparison of Water Quality Indexes for an Inland River
F. A. Kondum, R. T. Iwar, E. T. Kon
Journal of Engineering Research and Reports · pp. 1–14 · Published 17 Mar 2021
10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i417290Abstract
The present study assessed water quality parameters and attempts to compare four different Water Quality Indexes (WQIs) for consistency, similarity and reliability in assessing the water quality of river Benue -an inland river- under wet and dry seasons. The results demonstrate that River Benue is continually being polluted in both dry and wet seasons by different sources, particularly domestic sewage and storm runoffs from farmlands. The quality of the water generally exceeded physiochemical and microbiological infection risk limits recommended in water quality guidelines concerning their use for domestic, recreational and irrigational purposes. Proper sewage treatment and river quality monitoring are needed to guard against hazards to public health and vulnerable river water resources. The WQIs applied were: CCME WQI, BC WQI, Dinius’ WQI and Weighted Arithmetic WQI. To evaluate the differences between these indexes, data on ten water quality parameters (Temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, Nitrates, Phosphates, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform count) for two distinct seasons from 6 river monitoring sites along the river Benue at Makurdi reach, were used. Significant discrepancies were observed in classification results between the Dinius’ WQI and the other three WQIs. Similarly, the WA and BC WQIs showed an over-optimistic rating due to their eclipsing limitation. Among others, it was concluded that any of the four indexes except Dinius’ index can be adopted but the CCME water quality index would be best suited for assessing water quality in River Benue.
References (20)
- 1 Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan [DOI]
- 2 Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index [DOI]
- 3 Application of Water Quality Indices and Dissolved Oxygen as Indicators for River Water Classification and Urban Impact Assessment [DOI]
- 4 Support vector machines in water quality management [DOI]
- 5 Spatial characterization of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the upper Han River (China) using multivariate statistical techniques [DOI]
- 6 Adaptation and evaluation of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for use as an effective tool to characterize drinking source water quality [DOI]
- 7 Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries [DOI]
- 8 Geochemical characteristics and controlling factors of chemical composition of groundwater in a part of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India [DOI]
- 9 A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria [DOI]
- 10 Water Quality Evaluation and Trend Analysis in Selected Watersheds of the Atlantic Region of Canada [DOI]
- 11 Water quality assessment of natural lakes and its importance: An overview [DOI]
- 12 Nitrogen and phosphorus in the Upper Mississippi River: transport, processing, and effects on the river ecosystem [DOI]
- 13 Comparison of seven water quality assessment methods for the characterization and management of highly impaired river systems [DOI]
- 14 WATER QUALITY INDICES -IMPORTANT TOOL SFOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT : A REVIEW
- 15 A Comparison of Water Quality Indices for Coastal Water [DOI]
- 16 Assessment of anthropogenic influences on surface water quality in urban estuary, northern New Jersey: multivariate approach [DOI]
- 17 Seasonal variations and mechanisms of groundwater nitrate pollution in the Gaza Strip [DOI]
- 18 Effect of Depth on Microbial Pollution of Shallow Wells in Makurdi Metropoilis, Benue State, Nigeria [DOI]
- 19 Frontiers in Life Science [DOI]
- 20 Trend Analysis of Raw Water Parameters in River Benue at the Reach of Makurdi, Nigeria [DOI]
Cited by 30
Okunade, S. O., Olalemi, A. O. · South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology · 2025
Johnson Ayomide Ibukun, Ayomide Emmanuel Olubaju, Titilope Christianah Sakeye · Journal of African Earth Sciences · 2026
Antonello Bruschi, Iolanda Lisi, Roberta De Angelis · Journal of Environmental Management · 2021
Ameloko Anthony Aduojo, Olatunde Olu Mosobalaje, Okezie Uchegbulam · Scientific African · 2024
Victor T. Omoni, Paul O. Bankole, Ojobo Omoche · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · 2022
Chukwujindu M. A. Iwegbue, Timipere K. Faran, Paschal O. Iniaghe · Applied Water Science · 2022
Raphael Terungwa Iwar, Joseph Terlumun Utsev, Martina Hassan · Applied Water Science · 2021
Adewale Olalemi, Okunade Oyeoluwa · International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · 2025
M S Omar, M Hashim, N Nayan · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science · 2022
Ameloko Anthony Aduojo, Olatunde Olu. Mosobalaje, Okezie Uchegbulam · 2023
Showing 12 of 30 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.
Related research
- Comparison of Automated System Vitek-2 with Conventional Methods, for Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity in Gram Negative Organisms — shares topic coverage
- Comparison between Indirect ELISA and TBIA for Detection of Some Viruses in Naturally Infected Faba Bean Plants — shares topic coverage
- Comparison for the Effectiveness of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa Bulbs and Allium sativum Cloves against Bulinus globosus (Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis) in Sokoto, Nigeria — shares topic coverage
- Anthropometric Comparison of Nasal Indices between Hausa and Yoruba Ethnic Groups in Nigeria — shares topic coverage
- Comparison of Differences in TOEFL and TEM and Its Implications for Chinese Higher Education — shares topic coverage
Article metrics
Real usage data collected on this platform.
39
Page views
0
PDF downloads
5
Outbound clicks
30
Citations
Views over time
Views by country
Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".
Traffic sources
Referring site, by host.
Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.