A Review of Fracking's Global Footprint: Environmental Consequences and Regulatory Landscapes

Abstract

Fracking (hydraulic fracturing), an innovative drilling technique used to extract unconventional oil and gas, has raised significant global concerns due to its environmental and social impacts. This review analyses the environmental consequences of fracking, focusing on methane emissions, groundwater contamination, social challenges, and the regulatory frameworks governing these operations. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a comprehensive desk-based literature review to assess the global effects of fracking in different countries and regions. Our findings indicate that: (1) Fracking has not been universally adopted, with only a few countries like the United States, Canada, Argentina, and China practicing it extensively; (2) Several countries, such as France, Germany, and Ireland, have imposed bans or strict regulations due to its negative environmental impacts; (3) Despite its high risks, fracking has yielded significant benefits, such as increased oil and gas production and reduced energy dependence; and (4) Local communities in many regions have protested against fracking due to threats to environmental sustainability, especially groundwater resources. We recommend that fracking operations be limited to areas with minimal or no human habitation to mitigate its effects on public health and environmental quality.