Pattern and Dynamics of Genetic Stock of Freshwater Fishes Using Various Molecular Markers for Their Conservation Management Concerns in the Indian Riverine System

Abstract

India has a world's richest, most abundant and most promising inland fisheries resources with variety fishes in tributaries, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are several significant river systems in India, including the Cauvery, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna, Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Mahanadi, and Godavari which showing shrinkage of fish fauna because of environmental disturbance, human interference and human threats. In order to conserve the fish diversity, the molecular markers are helpful in determining genetic diversity, gene polymorphism and gene flows from generation to generation. The topic experienced a surge in interest due to the introduction of strong statistical analysis tools and the accessibility of DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing techniques and consequently population genetic studies. Some molecular markers, Microsatellite markers, RAPD, Allozymes and mitochondrial (cox1, cytob, ATPase6/8) implications have been discussed in this review which will provide an overview that have been used by scientists to studied population genetic structure and genetic variations at various levels.