Biological Interactions and Management Strategies for the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A Review

Abstract

Helicoverp aarmigera, a polyphagous and highly adaptable pest, poses a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly in cotton, maize, chickpea, and tomato crops. Its extensive host range, high fecundity, and rapid development of resistance to insecticides necessitate an integrated approach for effective management. The current knowledge on the biological interactions and management strategies for H. armigera, emphasizing the importance of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM combines biological control agents, such as predators, parasitoids, and microbial biocontrols like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Beauveria bassiana, with cultural practices, including crop rotation and intercropping, to disrupt the pest’s life cycle. The adoption of genetically modified Bt cotton has revolutionized pest control by providing season-long protection, though its sustainability depends on resistance management strategies like refuge planting and gene stacking. Advances in precision agriculture, including remote sensing and AI-driven decision support systems, enhance pest monitoring and timely interventions. The use of drones and autonomous systems for targeted pesticide application minimizes environmental impact while ensuring effective control. Biopesticides and entomopathogenic nematodes offer sustainable alternatives to chemical insecticides, addressing the growing concern of resistance and environmental safety. The review highlights the critical role of community and farmer involvement in IPM adoption, supported by education, field demonstrations, and policy frameworks that promote sustainable practices. Future includes the use of gene-editing technologies like CRISPR for developing resistant crops and further integration of digital tools for real-time pest management. Addressing the challenge of H. armigera requires a collaborative effort between researchers, policymakers, and farmers to implement scientifically sound, economically viable, and environmentally friendly solutions. This holistic approach not only ensures the long-term control of H. armigera but also contributes to the resilience and productivity of agro-ecosystems in the face of evolving agricultural challenges.