The Correlation of Infections and Phenotypic Distribution of Common Blood Types and Haemoglobin Genotypes among Subjects in Rivers State

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the correlation of infections and phenotypic distribution of common blood types and haemoglobin genotypes among subjects in Rivers State, Nigeria. Aim: The aim was to assess genetic traits influencing health outcomes and infection susceptibility within this population. Specifically, the objectives were to analyze the distribution of ABO and Rh blood types, investigate haemoglobin genotypes, and explore associations with HIV, HBsAg, and Tuberculosis infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed, enrolling 392 subjects from December 2023 to February 2024 at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for ABO and Rh blood types, haemoglobin genotypes, and infection markers. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square association tests, and correlation analysis. Results: The findings revealed a predominant distribution of blood types O+ (52.0%) and A+ (26.0%) within the study population. Haemoglobin genotype AA was prevalent (75.8%), with no observed SS variants. Significant associations were found between sex and haemoglobin genotypes (χ² = 29.820, p = 0.00), indicating sex as a determinant factor. The lack of significant associations between demographic variables and blood group phenotypes suggests complex genetic determinants. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive relationships between HIV and HBsAg (r = 0.352, p = 0.000), as well as between HIV and Tuberculosis (r = 0.282, p = 0.000), underscoring the need for co-infection monitoring. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of genetic factors in infection susceptibility and health outcomes. Understanding these relationships has implications for public health interventions and clinical practice. Further research is recommended to elucidate underlying mechanisms and explore additional genetic markers influencing susceptibility to infections in this population. This study contributes to the broader understanding of genetic epidemiology and informs targeted healthcare strategies to improve health outcomes in Rivers State, Nigeria.