Comprehensive Review of Karshya (Malnutrition) with an Emphasis on Ayurveda

Abstract

Background: Ayurveda prioritises prevention over cure, with Aahara (diet) regarded as the foremost pillar of health, alongside Nidra (sleep) and Brahmacharya (discipline). A wholesome diet not only sustains health but also aids in recovery by restoring lost strength. Despite this emphasis, references to nutritional disorders in classical texts are scattered and lack systematic classification. Methodology: This review synthesises descriptions from classical Ayurvedic texts and aligns them with modern clinical understanding of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Specific conditions such as Karshya, Parigarbhika, Phakka, Balashosha, and Shushka Revati were analysed to identify parallels with contemporary concepts of undernutrition. Results: Karshya closely mirrors PEM in clinical features such as emaciation, weakness, and tissue depletion. Other conditions, including Phakka and Balashosha, reflect manifestations of chronic nutritional deficiency and developmental delays, corresponding to various forms of childhood undernutrition. Discussion: Ayurvedic texts present a fragmented yet insightful understanding of nutritional disorders. Correlating traditional concepts with modern definitions offers a more comprehensive view of pediatric undernutrition and highlights the relevance of Ayurvedic dietary and preventive measures in addressing this global health concern. Conclusion: Karshya and related conditions in Ayurveda closely align with modern concepts of childhood undernutrition, particularly protein-energy malnutrition. Integrating classical Ayurvedic insights with contemporary understanding offers a holistic approach to recognising and managing pediatric nutritional disorders, reinforcing the importance of Ayurvedic dietary and preventive measures in current healthcare.