A GIS and AHP-Based Suitability Assessment for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Bapatla District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a globally utilised method for restoring depleted aquifers. It encompasses various strategies, including the use of infiltration basins, recharge wells, and percolation ponds. The technique has gained increasing importance due to the threats to water availability caused by climate change, population growth, and unsustainable agricultural practices. In India, groundwater overexploitation is widespread, especially in states like Andhra Pradesh, which have intensive agricultural activities. In this state, irrigation accounts for more than 60% of groundwater use. Bapatla District, situated along the coast in Andhra Pradesh, faces groundwater stress resulting from over-extraction and salinity ingress. The study utilises a GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the suitability of MAR in Bapatla District, considering various factors such as slope, soil permeability, land use/land cover (LULC), drainage density, and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). The weighted overlay analysis results indicated that 51% (1,317.65 km²) of the district, and approximately 18% (709.38 km² or 4.04%) of the area was classified as highly suitable. Moderate suitability covers 29%. Low and very low potential zones occupy only 18% (263.61 km²). 54% and 0.12%, respectively. Therefore, areas with low MAR potential need to be conserved, while high MAR potential areas should be targeted for specific interventions such as constructing recharge wells. The study’s findings will aid policymakers in developing strategies for the long-term management and regulation of groundwater use in Bapatla and other regions affected by water salinity.