Design Innovations and Performance Assessment of Small Wind Turbines: A Review for Decentralized and Off-grid Applications

Abstract

This study provides a critical and comparative review of recent technological innovations in small wind turbines (SWTs), with a focus on their relevance for decentralized energy production in both urban and remote environments. It is based on a descriptive and analytical evaluation of technologies reported in the scientific literature from 2019 to 2024. Five representative SWT models are selected, Liam F1 UWT, Aeroleaf, IceWind, AeroMINE, and Harmony, covering both horizontal and vertical axis designs, including drag-based, lift-based, and pressure-gradient-based systems. A multi-criteria assessment framework is applied, considering performance under low to moderate wind conditions, as well as factors such as aerodynamic configuration, materials, installation context, and cost-effectiveness. Particular attention is paid to turbine start-up thresholds, acoustic levels, urban integration, and turbulence tolerance. The analysis shows that while some models such as Harmony and AeroMINE offer adaptability to complex wind profiles in urban areas, others like IceWind and Liam F1 are more suited for remote or low-noise environments. The role of aerodynamic design, ranging from Savonius and Darrieus profiles to helical blades and motionless Venturi-based systems, is highlighted as a key determinant of performance. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing durability, scalability, and hybrid potential in future SWT developments.