Determinants of Adoption of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in the Farming System of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

This study examines the factors influencing the adoption of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) in the farming systems of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh—an ecologically sensitive region where traditional practices remain central to sustainability and resilience. In light of increasing concerns over the ecological costs of modern farming methods, the relevance and uptake of ITK hold critical significance. The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining exploratory and ex-post facto designs, and was conducted with 120 randomly selected farmers across six villages. Data collection involved structured interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. Findings showed moderate adoption of ITKs (mean = 19.28, SD = 7.27) with substantial variation among farmers. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that family size, decision-making ability, and closeness to nature positively influenced adoption, while higher education, economic motivation, and non-agricultural occupations negatively affected it. The regression model demonstrated strong explanatory power (R² = 0.728), supported by ANOVA significance (F = 17.256, p < 0.01). Results highlight that ITK adoption extends beyond technical expertise, being shaped by socio-cultural values, psychological orientation, and family structures. The study emphasizes the need to recognize, preserve, and integrate traditional knowledge alongside modern agricultural innovations. It further calls for policies that document, validate, and incorporate ITKs into mainstream farming, while respecting ecological and social contexts. Strengthening community participation and farmer education can ensure these practices continue to contribute effectively to sustainable agriculture in mountain ecosystems.