Diversification of Rice Based Cropping System for Sustaining Plant and Soil Health

Abstract

Rice-based cropping systems are central to food security in Asia, but their long-standing reliance on monoculture practices has led to severe ecological challenges, including soil degradation, nutrient depletion, and increased pest and disease pressure. This review synthesizes current research on the diversification of rice-based cropping systems through strategies such as crop rotation, intercropping, and integrated farming. These practices have demonstrated significant benefits for soil physical, chemical, and biological health, improved plant-microbe interactions, and enhanced resilience to climate-induced stresses. Diversification also contributes to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved water and nutrient use efficiency, and greater livelihood security for smallholder farmers. Despite these advantages, adoption remains limited due to socioeconomic constraints and policy gaps. This review highlights the need for long-term field studies, integration of digital technologies, and supportive policies to scale diversification practices. Emphasizing ecological intensification and resilience, the diversification of rice systems emerges as a promising pathway for sustainable agricultural development.