Epidemiological Insights of Canine Pyometra in Jabalpur, India

Abstract

The present study investigated the incidence, epidemiological patterns and clinical characteristics of canine pyometra in Jabalpur from August 2024 to July 2025, focusing on breed, age and seasonal predispositions as well as diagnostic features associated with disease severity. A total of 1125 small animal gynaecological cases presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur were evaluated, among which female dogs exhibiting clinical signs including purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge, abdominal distension, polydipsia, vomiting and inappetence that were suggestive of pyometra were screened through physical and gynaeco-clinical examination. Diagnosis was confirmed by transabdominal ultrasonography, enabling assessment of uterine fluid accumulation, cystic changes and cervical status for classification into open- or closed-cervix pyometra. The overall incidence of pyometra was 9.15 percent among small animal gynaecological cases, confirming its significance as a major reproductive disorder in the region. Middle-aged to older bitches, particularly those aged 7–9 years, were most susceptible and Labradors, Pomeranians and Beagles constituted the most affected breeds. Closed-cervix pyometra accounted for the majority of cases and more than half the animals presented with severe disease, indicating delayed clinical recognition. A seasonal rise in cases during February, October and March corresponded with the post-oestrus period, supporting the influence of progesterone dominance in predisposing the uterus to infection. These findings reflect the importance of early diagnostic screening using ultrasonography and improved owner awareness to facilitate timely therapeutic intervention and thereby reduce morbidity, mortality and increase fertility outcomes associated with pyometra.