The Influence of Chemical Redox Waste and Industrial Waste on River and Groundwater Quality in Bathinda, Punjab, India

Abstract

The Malwa region of Punjab, India, is an important agricultural and industrial centre, but it is also experiencing growing environmental problems because of industrialisation and the improper disposal of waste. This research aims to investigate the impact of chemical redox waste and industrial waste on the rivers and surrounding areas of the Malwa region. Redox processes of a chemical nature involving the transfer of electrons are commonly leading to contamination of water bodies through changing their chemical constitution and causing degradation of the quality of water. Furthermore, disposal of waste from industries consisting of heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and non-treated effluent contributes to aggravating water pollution affecting local rivers like the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi. These rivers, crucial for irrigation, potable water supply, and local ecosystems, have been subjected to heavy levels of pollution, causing harmful effects on aquatic life and human health. The study employed a random stratified sampling approach to collect water samples from surface water locations, industrial effluent discharge points, and groundwater sources in Bathinda, Punjab, India. Samples were collected during the monsoon and winter seasons in pre-conditioned HDPE containers and preserved according to standard protocols. Physicochemical and heavy metal analyses were conducted using standard methods to assess water quality and identify major pollutants. The research analyses water and soil samples from different points throughout the region to determine the magnitude of pollution, the major pollutants, and their effects on the environment. The study shows that effluents from industries, agricultural run-offs, and untreated sewage play a role in changing the redox potential of river water, influencing levels of dissolved oxygen, metal toxicity, and loss of aquatic biodiversity. The effect is worse in rivers along industrial regions, where redox-active pollutants of high concentration have been identified. Through a focus on the patterns of chemical and industrial waste discharge, the study is set to highlight the negative impacts on water resources and the larger ecological system. The results accentuate the importance of proper waste management practices, environmental regulations, and public awareness to counter the harmful impacts of industrial pollution and protect the water quality and ecological well-being of the Malwa region for the coming generations.