Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Similar Antibiotics Used for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Bangladesh with Public Health Significance

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health issue for humans and animals around the world. Different classes of antibiotics are frequently used to treat human, poultry, and livestock diseases in Bangladesh. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. cause gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Since they have zoonotic potential, their antibiotic resistance genes may transfer both horizontally and vertically. Human, poultry, and livestock excreta and their environment are excellent sources of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, E. coli and Salmonella infections in humans and animals are frequently found here, causing huge economic losses. To control these infections, similar categories of antibiotics are aimlessly used here. In this study, different types of antibiotics like ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and colistin were found to have higher levels of resistance against E. coli and Salmonella spp. Due to a higher level of resistance, two or three types of antibiotic combinations are used today to check bacterial infections that increase the medicinal burden. It is high time to combat AMR infections by raising public awareness, and the government should implement a national action policy to combat illegal antibiotic use.