Hematological Alterations among Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Steady State and Their Clinical Implications

Abstract

Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common genetic hemoglobinopathy that is typified by vaso-occlusive crises and chronic hemolytic anemia. Even if they are less severe, hematological changes in steady state—defined as no crisis, transfusion, or infection for at least 4 weeks prior to sampling—are essential for comprehending the course and consequences of disease. Aim/Objective: This study evaluated hematological parameters in SCD patients during steady state compared to healthy controls, focusing on their clinical implications. Methods: There were 167 participants in a cross-sectional, case-control research (45 healthy controls and 122 SCD patients in steady state). An automated analyzer was used to assess the hematological parameters (Hb, PCV, WBC, platelet count, and differential counts). The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.05. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test prior to applying t-tests. Results: Compared to controls (Hb: 13.13 ± 1.06 g/dL; PCV: 39.64 ± 2.86%), SCD patients had significantly lower hemoglobin (7.75 ± 2.17 g/dL) and PCV (22.42 ± 5.74%) (p = 0.000). WBC (11.37 ± 6.57 ×10⁹/L vs. 5.64 ± 1.79 ×10⁹/L) and platelets (351.62 ± 153.96 ×10⁹/L vs. 233.04 ± 59.95 ×10⁹/L) were significantly elevated in SCD patients (p = 0.000). Eosinophil count was significantly higher in males than females (2.98 ± 2.88 vs. 1.84 ± 1.40; p = 0.007). Other differential counts showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Steady-state SCD is marked by anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Routine monitoring of hematological parameters can inform early intervention and clinical management, though causal inferences cannot be made due to the cross-sectional design.