On-Site Sanitation Systems in Kiribati: Challenges, Opportunities and the Path Toward Circular Economy Integration

Abstract

This study explores the challenges, opportunities, and pathways toward integrating circular economy (CE) principles into on-site sanitation systems in Kiribati. Inadequate sanitation and wastewater management, particularly in developing countries, contribute to health risks and environmental degradation. In South Tarawa, the capital of Kiribati, overcrowding and urbanization exacerbate these challenges. Currently, only 17% of the population in South Tarawa is connected to the sewer system, while 43.5% rely on septic tanks, 25.4% practice open defecation, and the remainder use pit latrines. These suboptimal systems contribute to severe groundwater contamination, with fecal coliforms and nitrates exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in many wells. This review employs a two-part methodology: the first part examines the current sanitation system in South Tarawa, and the second part investigates innovative, low-cost CE technologies for on-site sanitation. These technologies aim to prevent groundwater contamination and facilitate the transition to a circular economy model, which emphasizes the reuse of resources and waste reduction. Socioeconomic factors, including limited financial resources, further complicate the implementation of effective sanitation systems. A robust governance structure and strong coordination are essential for the successful integration of CE practices. The study highlights the importance of community engagement and the role of institutions, such as the National Water and Sanitation Steering Committee (NWSSC), in driving these efforts. The findings suggest that adopting circular economy technologies could improve public health and environmental sustainability, while addressing the growing challenges posed by limited resources, rapid population growth, and urbanization.