Antiplasmodial and Hematolipid Restorative Effects of Azadiracta indica Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health burden in tropical and subtropical regions, with persistent challenges of drug resistance and associated hematological and metabolic complications. This study investigated the antiplasmodial and hematolipid restorative effects of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) in Plasmodium berghei-infected Swiss albino mice. Ninety adult male mice were randomized into six groups (n=15): normal control, infected untreated, standard drug (Lonart, 4 mg/kg), and three extract-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Malaria was induced with P. berghei (Anka strain), and treatment was administered orally for five consecutive days. Parasitemia, hematological indices, and lipid profile parameters were assessed using standard methods. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in parasitemia, with the 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses showing significant inhibition comparable to Lonart. Infected untreated mice displayed marked increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels, with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Treatment with A. indica extract reversed these lipid disturbances, restoring values toward normal. Hematological analysis revealed that infection slightly reduced hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cell (RBC) counts, while the extract significantly improved these parameters, especially at higher doses. White blood cell (WBC) counts were also enhanced, indicating possible immunomodulatory effects. The findings suggest that A. indica leaf extract possesses potent antiplasmodial properties and ameliorates malaria-induced hematological and lipid derangements. In conclusion, A. indica demonstrates promising dual efficacy in parasite suppression and biochemical restoration, supporting its potential as an adjunct or alternative therapy in malaria management.