Advances in Breeding, Nutrition and Culture Practices of Indian Major Carps for Sustainable Aquaculture

Abstract

Indian Major Carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala constitute the foundation of freshwater aquaculture in India and significantly contribute to fish production in Telangana. This review synthesizes current knowledge on taxonomy, biology, broodstock management, induced breeding, seed rearing, nutrition, pond preparation and health management to provide an integrated understanding of IMC culture systems. Advances in broodstock nutrition, genetic management and hormone based spawning (Ovaprim, Ovatide, GnRH analogues) have improved seed quality and hatchery reliability. Recent integrated advances in Indian major carp aquaculture include selective breeding of improved carp strains, use of nutritionally balanced low-fishmeal diets supplemented with probiotics and immunostimulants, and adoption of advanced culture systems such as biofloc, RAS, and improved polyculture models. Together, these innovations enhance growth, resource-use efficiency, environmental sustainability, and resilience of carp farming systems. Enhanced nursery and grow-out practices, including optimized fertilization regimes, zooplankton production and species specific stocking densities, support high fry survival and fingerling growth. Nutritional developments particularly balanced pelleted feeds rich in essential amino acids, PUFA, vitamins and minerals have markedly increased growth performance and feed efficiency. Water quality regulation, through liming, aeration and routine monitoring of key parameters (DO, pH, alkalinity, ammonia) ensures optimal pond ecology and fish health. Disease management strategies addressing bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections further strengthen overall system resilience. Collectively these technological and management advancements have substantially elevated productivity, sustainability and economic outcomes in IMC aquaculture. The review underscores the need for continued integration of genetics, nutrition and environmental management to support future intensification and blue economy goals.