Incremental Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Electromobility in Metro Manila

Abstract

Background: The adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Metro Manila offers a potential means of reducing transport-related emissions, although vehicle prices, charging costs and the electricity-generation mix influence both economic and environmental outcomes. Objective: This study compares the acquisition and operating expenditure of a BYD Dolphin BEV with that of a Toyota Vios 1.3J petrol-powered saloon car and examines the incremental expenditure associated with their emissions comparison. Methods: A scenario-based incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken using the vehicle prices and energy, travel and emissions assumptions reported in the manuscript. The analysis covered 100,000 km of travel over five years and excluded maintenance, repairs and vehicle-manufacturing emissions. Results: The stated purchase prices are PHP 1,398,000 for the BEV and PHP 732,000 for the petrol-powered vehicle, a difference of PHP 666,000. Using 6 km/kWh at PHP 10.02/kWh, the estimated BEV charging cost for 100,000 km is PHP 167,000, compared with PHP 686,700 for petrol at 10 km/L and PHP 68.67/L. Total acquisition and energy expenditure is PHP 1,565,000 and PHP 1,418,700, respectively, resulting in an incremental expenditure of PHP 146,300. Under an illustrative natural-gas electricity scenario, the estimated carbon dioxide reduction is 14,866.67 kg, corresponding to PHP 9.84 per kg avoided. Conclusion: Under the stated assumptions, BEV energy expenditure is lower despite the higher purchase price, but combined acquisition and energy expenditure remains higher over five years. The illustrative carbon dioxide comparison should not be interpreted as an estimate for the actual Metro Manila electricity-generation mix.