Biological Evaluation of Proso Millet and Sweet Lupine Seeds in Hypercholesterolemia Rats

Abstract

Given the rising global prevalence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of incorporating proso millet seed powder (PMSP) and sweet lupine seed powder (SLSP) into the diet of hypercholesterolemic (Hyper-C) rats. These powders were included at varying levels (10% or 15%) as replacements for starch. The findings revealed that, the total triglyceride (T.G.) levels for Gr.1 were 118.00 mg/dL, rising to 208.00 mg/dL in hyper-C rats fed the control diet (Gr.2). Furthermore, substituting a hypercholesterolemic diet with PMSP, SLSP, or a combination of both at 10% resulted in significant reductions in serum total cholesterol (T.C.), total triglycerides (T.G.), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (v.LDL), while simultaneously increasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Additionally, this dietary substitution led to a marked reduction in serum liver enzyme levels, indicating improved liver function, alongside enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological evaluations further corroborated these findings, revealing that Hyper-C rats fed PMSP and SLSP displayed significant improvements in the structural integrity of the liver, heart and kidneys, with reduced lesion severity. These findings emphasize the potential of PMSP and SLSP as functional dietary components that not only lower serum cholesterol but also provide protective benefits for individuals at risk of liver and cholesterol-related diseases.