Association between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) Practices among Pregnant Women in the Tamale Metropolis: A Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study

Abstract

Introduction: Maternal health remains a significant global public health challenge, with high maternal mortality rates particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries such as Ghana. This study aims to assess the association between socio-demographic characteristics and birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) practices among pregnant women in the Tamale Metropolis, Northern Region of Ghana. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 382 pregnant women from three hospitals in the Tamale Metropolis, selected using a multistage sampling method. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, and the chi-square test was used to determine associations, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The study found that 92.1% of respondents were aware of serious health problems during labor and childbirth, with severe vaginal bleeding (97.7%), convulsions (97.2%), and retained placenta (98.0%) being the most commonly recognized issues. Additionally, 83.8% were aware of postpartum health risks, notably severe vaginal bleeding (99.7%) and high fever (97.8%). Additionally, 83.0% are saving for pregnancy and childbirth expenses, and 83.5% have prepared essential items for a clean delivery. Nearly all (94.8%) opted to deliver in a health institution with a skilled provider, and 84.0% have identified transportation plans. Significant associations were found between BPCR and several socio-demographic factors. Age (p=0.048), marital status (p<0.001), religion (p=0.001), educational status (p=0.043), household monthly income (p<0.001), husband’s occupation (p<0.001), and husband’s educational status (p<0.001) all showed significant associations with BPCR. Conclusion: The study shows significant progress in birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) practices among pregnant women in the Tamale Metropolis, with most demonstrating good practices and awareness of health risks. Socio-demographic factors, such as age, marital status, education, and household income, significantly influence BPCR practices. Health education, financial readiness, and institutional delivery are crucial for maternal health. However, gaps remain in addressing poor practices and overcoming cultural, logistical, and systemic barriers. Recommendations include intensifying educational campaigns, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, introducing financial support mechanisms, and engaging with traditional birth attendants.