Farmed Catfish Health and Stakeholders’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Ikom, Nigeria

Abstract

Aims: Aquaculture expansion in Nigeria has increased the need for effective fish health management. However, limited data exist on farmed catfish health and stakeholder practices in key production zones such as Ikom in Cross River State. The study assessed the health status of farmed catfish and stakeholders’ knowledge and practices regarding catfish health. Study Design: A mixed-method approach combining field sampling and a stakeholder survey was employed. In December 2023, a fish farm at Makonon, along the Ikom-Etomi road, was identified, and permission was granted for the study to be undertaken. The farm has over 25 ponds; one pond was randomly chosen, and catfish were harvested. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Animal Science, University of Cross River State, Obubra, and Ebuta Farms, Ikom, Nigeria, from July to December 2023. Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving biometric and pathological assessments of farmed catfish and a structured survey of catfish stakeholders was conducted. Water quality parameters were measured in situ. Fish health was evaluated through external examination, necropsy, and organo-somatic indices. Descriptive statistics were applied to structured questionnaire data to evaluate catfish stakeholders’ knowledge and practices. Results: Water quality parameters (temperature 26.23°C; pH 6.64; TDS 88.66 ppm; conductivity 178 µS/cm) were within acceptable ranges for freshwater aquaculture. Fish exhibited condition factors of 0.62–0.97 and hepatosomatic indices of 1.73–4.13. However, external lesions and internal abnormalities (intestinal haemorrhage and organ congestion) were observed. Although all stakeholders could identify sick fish, only 25% consulted fish health practitioners. Antibiotic use was high (80%), with variable adherence to regulations. Conclusion: Although environmental conditions were suitable and fish appeared generally healthy, the presence of pathological lesions and suboptimal stakeholder practices indicate potential risks. Strengthening fish health training, biosecurity, and veterinary engagement is critical for sustainable aquaculture.