Epidemiology, Biology and Control Measures of Trichuris spp. in Small Ruminants: A Review from Bangladesh

Abstract

Trichuris spp., commonly known as whipworms, are a significant group of gastrointestinal nematodes affecting small ruminants in Bangladesh, particularly sheep and goats. They can reduce productivity and growth, resulting in poor appetite and increased morbidity, mainly in young or immunocompromised animals. These parasites reside primarily in the cecum and colon, where they cause variable clinical and subclinical impacts ranging from diarrhea, anorexia, and reduced weight gain to poor feed efficiency and, in severe cases, mortality. This review brings together most of the current knowledge of the taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of Trichuris spp. to discuss the current methods that can be used for diagnosis. It also summarizes the current epidemiological studies on infections in Bangladesh, and outlines and discusses some of the pertinent factors that can influence the prevalence of Trichuris spp, including climatic conditions, grazing, and husbandry systems. Controlling whipworm infections can be achieved through various methods, including the strategic application of anthelmintics, pasture management, and emerging options such as biological control strategies and nutrition, as strategies that may help in stomach parasite management both individually and in combination with others for sustainable parasite management. This review highlights knowledge gaps on whipworm infection and emphasizes the need for integrated control programs and further research to reduce the impact of Trichuris infections in small ruminants.