Comparative Mineralogical Analysis of Clay Deposits in Enugwu-agidi and Mbaukwu Areas of Anambra State, Nigeria

Abstract

The industrial potential of Nigerian clay deposits remains a critical frontier for economic diversification. This study presents a preliminary mineralogical and geochemical characterization of clay deposits from Enugwu-agidi and Mbaukwu  in Anambra State, Nigeria. Representative clay samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. FTIR analysis showed characteristic absorption bands typical of aluminosilicate minerals, particularly within kaolinite–illite–smectite systems, with minor contributions from quartz and adsorbed water. XRD analysis reveals that both clay samples are predominantly composed of kaolinite, illite, and quartz, with minor occurrences of feldspar and hematite. XRF results indicate high concentrations of SiO₂ (~53 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (~30 wt.%), confirming their aluminosilicate nature. Geochemical indices, including silica–alumina ratios (>1.7) and Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values (90–93%), indicate significant weathering and the presence of free silica. Ternary diagram evaluation (SiO₂–Al₂O₃–Fe₂O₃) further indicates that the clays fall within the compositional range suitable for ceramic and refractory applications.  Comparative analysis shows that Enugwu-agidi clay is relatively purer and more suitable for high-grade ceramic applications, while Mbaukwu clay contains slightly higher impurities. Variations in mineral and chemical composition between the two deposits reflect differences in weathering intensity and parent rock composition which influence their suitability for industrial applications such as ceramics, refractories and building materials. The findings provide valuable insight into the industrial potential and geochemical characteristics of the studied clay deposits.