Sanitation, Housing and Public Health in Urban Nigeria: Evidence from Abeokuta

Abstract

This study assesses the relationship between sanitation infrastructure, housing quality, and public health outcomes in urban Nigeria. The objective is to identify existing challenges, analyse their socio-environmental and health implications, and propose evidence-based strategies for sustainable urban development. A mixed-methods case study design was utilised, combining quantitative data from field surveys with qualitative observations to offer a comprehensive understanding of the intricate urban health landscape. Data collection comprised reconnaissance surveys, direct observations, and the distribution of structured questionnaires to residents. The analysis included clear percentage interpretations of socio-economic characteristics and evaluations of housing and infrastructure quality, as well as qualitative observations of the observed environmental conditions. Findings indicate significantly low housing quality, extensive inadequacies in sanitary facilities (e.g., 50.5% reliance on pit latrines, 41.5% lack of toilet provision), and substandard waste disposal practices (e.g., 47.4% open space dumping). The conditions exhibit a significant correlation with elevated rates of communicable diseases, including malaria (27.6%), typhoid (23%), and diarrhoea (10.3%), which are intensified by inadequate water supply, unsanitary environments, and overcrowding. The research indicates that inadequate housing and sanitation conditions in urban areas of Nigeria present significant public health challenges and hinder sustainable urban development.