Anti-diarrhea Effect of Loperamide Administration in Acute Castor Oil-induced Diarrhea in Pregnancy and Postnatal Outcome in Wistar Rat

Abstract

Background: Diarrhea during pregnancy poses significant maternal and fetal risks, particularly when associated with dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Aim: This study investigates the effects of loperamide on castor oil-induced diarrhea in pregnant Wistar rats and evaluates its impact on maternal survival, gestation period, and postnatal outcomes. Methods: Twenty pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5): Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (castor oil only), Group 3 (castor oil + 4 mg/kg loperamide), and Group 4 (castor oil + 8 mg/kg loperamide). Diarrhea was induced using castor oil at 10 mL/kg orally. Maternal body weight, survival rate, gestation period, litter size, offspring weight, anogenital distance, and postnatal mortality were assessed. Result: Results showed 100% maternal mortality in the negative control group by Week 3, whereas all loperamide-treated groups survived (p < 0.05). Group 3 delivered at the normal gestational period (21 days), while Group 4 exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) longer gestation period (27 days). The Group 4 produced a larger litter size (7 pups) with 0% offspring mortality, compared to Group 3 (5 pups; 40% mortality). Offspring from the high-dose group also demonstrated slightly higher anogenital distance, suggesting enhanced developmental maturity. Conclusion: In conclusion, loperamide effectively prevented maternal death associated with acute diarrhea and significantly influenced postnatal outcomes in a dose-dependent manner. However, high-dose administration prolonged gestation, indicating potential interference with parturition mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for cautious dose consideration when managing diarrhea during pregnancy.