Psychosocial and Mental Health Burden among Persons with Albinism in Nigeria: Findings from a Nationwide Study

Abstract

Background: Albinism, a genetically inherited condition characterised by the partial or complete absence of melanin, remains poorly understood and stigmatised in many African societies, including Nigeria. Individuals with albinism often experience discrimination, social exclusion, and psychological distress. Aim: This study aimed to assess the mental health status and psychosocial challenges faced by albino individuals across Nigeria. Methods: This nationwide observational study employed a cross-sectional design involving albino participants recruited through albino associations, healthcare centres, and online networks across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, experiences of stigma and discrimination, access to healthcare and education, and validated tools such as the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for screening psychological distress and depressive symptoms. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and for those below 18 years, assent was obtained alongside parental consent. Confidentiality of all information was strictly maintained in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse associations between sociodemographic variables and mental health outcomes. Results: Of the total of 1,020 participants (mean age 27.8 ± 8.5 years; 54% female) enrolled in the study, over 70% reported experiencing discrimination in educational or occupational settings, and 65% indicated recurrent social rejection due to skin appearance. Symptoms of moderate-to-severe psychological distress were identified in 58% of respondents based on the GHQ-12 scale, while 46% met criteria for depressive symptoms based on PHQ-9 screening. Limited social support, low income, and lack of sunscreen access were significantly associated with poorer mental health outcomes (p < 0.05). Regional differences indicated higher psychosocial distress in northern Nigeria compared to southern zones. Conclusion: Albino individuals in Nigeria face considerable mental health and psychosocial challenges rooted in stigma, discrimination, and inadequate social support systems. Targeted public health interventions, inclusive education policies, and community sensitisation are essential to mitigate these challenges and promote the psychological well-being and social integration of people living with albinism.