Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation of Bioactivities of Barleria prionitis L.

Abstract

The growing need for effective natural therapeutics has driven interest in Barleria prionitis as a source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential.This study explores the medicinal potential of Barleria prionitis L. by examining its chemical composition along with its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Using LC–MS analysis and laboratory-based bioassays, methanolic extracts from both leaves and stems were investigated to understand how their phytochemical content relates to biological activity. The results revealed a wide variety of naturally occurring compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, with noticeable differences between the two plant parts. The leaf extract was particularly rich in trigonelline, along with compounds such as apigenin, kaempferol derivatives, cyanidin glycosides, and rosmarinic acid derivatives. In contrast, the stem extract contained a broader range of flavonoids and anthocyanins, with xanthohumol C being the most prominent. When tested against selected bacteria and fungi, both extracts showed promising antimicrobial effects. The leaf extract demonstrated stronger activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, which may be linked to its higher concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Moderate activity was also observed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger. In addition, antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP, and phospho-molybdenum) revealed that the leaf extract has a strong ability to neutralize free radicals, with effects increasing at higher concentrations. The results of present study suggest that the health-promoting properties of B. prionitis are closely tied to its rich phytochemical profile. This study supports its traditional use and highlights its potential as a natural source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds for future therapeutic applications.