Optimization of Microbial Fuel Cell Performance for Fertilizer Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Operational Parameters on COD Removal and Power Generation

Abstract

This study explores the innovative application of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for simultaneous treatment and power generation from fertilizer wastewater, addressing the pressing issue of pollution mitigation and renewable energy production. Using urea fertilizer wastewater as a substrate, the research investigates the performance of single- and dual-chamber MFC systems under varying operational conditions. Key parameters, including COD removal efficiency, ammonia and urea reduction, current, and power density, were monitored. Results demonstrate that MFCs can achieve significant treatment efficiencies (COD > 80%, ammonia > 70%) while generating stable power outputs up to 0.66 mA and 0.91 V. The findings highlight the potential of ammonia fertilizer plant effluent as a promising substrate for energy generation in MFCs. This research contributes to the development of sustainable wastewater-energy nexus solutions, enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency and promoting decentralized power generation. The study examines the feasibility, challenges, and scalability of MFC technology for agro-industrial applications, supporting the transition towards circular economy models.