Prevalence of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression among Postpartum Mothers: A Study at Postnatal Clinics in Enugu and Delta States, Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction: Postpartum depression and anxiety are critical maternal mental health issues, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria, where mental health services are limited. These conditions can harm both mothers and their children and are often undiagnosed and untreated. Regional data is needed to guide targeted interventions. Aim: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety among mothers attending postnatal clinics in Enugu and Delta States, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 399 postpartum mothers at four healthcare facilities in Enugu and Delta States. Participants were selected through multistage sampling. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). SPSS version 26 was used for analysis, with chi-square tests applied to explore associations. Results: Postpartum depression was found in 34.6% of respondents, and anxiety in 31.1%. Depression was more prevalent among women aged 26–35, with low income, secondary education, unplanned pregnancies, poor support, or prior mental illness. Anxiety was linked to previous mental illness, poor marital support, and recent stress. Significant associations included education, income, and marital relationship with depression; and history of mental illness, emotional support, and stress with anxiety., Conclusion: There is a moderately high prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety in the study areas. Integrating mental health screening and support into routine postnatal care, along with training for healthcare providers, is essential. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to inform long-term maternal mental health strategies in Nigeria.