Triple Benefits of Cardanol as Chain Stopper, Flame Retardant and Reactive Diluent for Greener Alkyd Coating
Maxinne Denis, Cédric Totée, Damien Le Borgne, Rodolphe Sonnier, Sylvain Caillol, Claire Negrell
Organics · pp. 109–125 · Published 15 Mar 2023
10.3390/org4010009Abstract
Cardanol, a waste from the food industry and widely produced (1 Mt/y), has been used as a chain stopper during the polycondensation of short oil alkyd resins in order to replace benzoic acid. Then, phosphorylated cardanol has been added in order to both reduce solvent content and bring flame-retardant (FR) properties to the alkyd resins. The renewable carbon content of the formulations has been increased up to 23%. The impact of the introduction of phosphorylated cardanol molecules on the drying time and flexibility has been studied as well as the thermal and flame-retardant properties by differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter. The most effective flame-retardant coating that was associated with excellent FR properties and excellent coating properties has been obtained with phosphate-cardanol added at 2%wt of P. Indeed, the film properties were closed to the classical alkyd resin, the solvent content was reduced by 50% and the pHRR decreased by 42% compared to the reference alkyd resin.
References (41)
- 1 Assanvo, 2015, Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Characteristics of Alkyd Resins Based on Ricinodendron Heudelotii Oil and Their Blending with Epoxy Resins [DOI]
- 2 Chiplunkar, 2016, Utilization of Sunflower Acid Oil for Synthesis of Alkyd Resin [DOI]
- 3 Chardon, 2021, Hybrid Alkyds, the Glowing Route to Reach Cutting-Edge Properties? [DOI]
- 4 Kienle, R.H., and Rohlfs, H.C. (1933). Flexible Alkyd Resin and Method of Preparation. (1,897,260), U.S. Patent.
- 5 Kienle, R.H., and Rohlfs, H.C. (1935). Flexible Alkyd Resin. (347,682), CA Patent.
- 6 Hofland, 2012, Alkyd Resins: From down and out to Alive and Kicking [DOI]
- 7 Degano, 2013, Alkyd Paints in Art: Characterization Using Integrated Mass Spectrometry [DOI]
- 8 Wicks, 2000, Alkyd Resins
- 9 Elliott, 1993, Alkyd Resins [DOI]
- 10 Ren, X., and Soucek, M. (2014). Soya-Based Coatings and Adhesives, American Chemical Society. [DOI]
- 11 Mutar, 2017, Synthesis and Characterization of New Alkyd Resins (Short, Medium and Long) Based on Sunflower Oil and Linoleic Acid as Binder for Paints
- 12 Mustafa, 2013, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Alkyds Derived from Palm Oil Based Polyester Resin [DOI]
- 13 Hulsbosch, 2018, Synthesis and Characterisation of Alkyd Resins with Glutamic Acid-Based Monomers [DOI]
- 14 Koning, 2017, Novel Renewable Alkyd Resins Based on Imide Structures [DOI]
- 15 Denis, 2022, Cardanol-Modified Alkyd Resins: Novel Route to Make Greener Alkyd Coatings [DOI]
- 16 Li, 2021, Phosphonated and Methacrylated Biobased Cardanol Monomer: Synthesis, Characterization and Application [DOI]
- 17 Le Parlement Européen et le Conseil de l’Union Européenne (2004). Directice 2004/42/CE Du Parlement Européen et Du Conseil. Off. J. Eur. Union, 143, 87–96.
- 18 Overbeek, 2010, Polymer Heterogeneity in Waterborne Coatings [DOI]
- 19 Nalawade, 2015, Modified Soybean Oil as a Reactive Diluent: Coating Performance [DOI]
- 20 Njuku, 2014, Evaluation of Cardanol Acetate as a Reactive Diluent for Alkyd Coatings
- 21 Jagtap, 2021, Developments in Reactive Diluents: A Review [DOI]
- 22 Jones, 2012, Alkyd Resins
- 23 Bora, 2014, Karanja, Seed Oil as a Renewable Raw Material for the Synthesis of Alkyd Resin [DOI]
- 24 Lee, 2016, Why are Sec-Alkylperoxyl Bimolecular Self-Reactions Orders of Magnitude Faster than the Analogous Reactions of Tert-Alkylperoxyls? The Unanticipated Role of CH Hydrogen Bond Donation
- 25 2019, Curing of Air-Drying Paints: A Critical Review [DOI]
- 26 Wang, 2019, Making Alkyd Greener: Modified Cardanol as Bio-Based Reactive Diluents for Alkyd Coating [DOI]
- 27 Wang, 2020, Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and Solid Content of Zinc Phosphate Pigmented Alkyd Coating by Methacrylated Cardanol [DOI]
- 28 Denis, M., Le Borgne, D., Sonnier, R., Caillol, S., Totee, C., and Negrell, C. (2022). Phosphorus Modified Cardanol: A Greener Route to Reduce VolaTile Organic Compounds and Impart Flame Retardant Properties to Alkyd Resin Coatings. Molecules, 27. [DOI]
- 29 Laoutid, 2009, New Prospects in Flame Retardant Polymer Materials: From Fundamentals to Nanocomposites [DOI]
- 30 Huggett, 1980, Estimation of Rate of Heat Release by Means of Oxygen Consumption Measurements [DOI]
- 31 Islam, 2014, Alkyd Based Resin from Non-Drying Oil [DOI]
- 32 Shao, 2021, Green Production of Phthalic Anhydride from Biobased Furan and Maleic Anhydride by an Acid Resin Catalyst [DOI]
- 33 Carothers, 1936, Polymers and Polyfunctionality [DOI]
- 34 Waitara, F.N. (2015). Evaluation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Based Products as Reactive Diluents for Alkyd Coatings. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology].
- 35 Schartel, 2010, Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms-Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development? [DOI]
- 36 Braun, 2006, Influence of the Oxidation State of Phosphorus on the Decomposition and Fire Behaviour of Flame-Retarded Epoxy Resin Composites [DOI]
- 37 Velencoso, 2018, Molecular Firefighting—How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Flame Retardancy [DOI]
- 38 Horrocks, A.R., and Price, D. (2001). Fire Retardant Materials, Woodhead Publishing. [DOI]
- 39 Green, 1996, A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants [DOI]
- 40 Qi, 2018, Research Progress on Flame-Retarded Silicone Rubber [DOI]
- 41 Ikhuoria, 2003, Enhancing the Quality of Alkyd Resins Using Methyl Esters of Rubber Seed Oil
Cited by 18
Sylvain Caillol · European Polymer Journal · 2023
Veeramanoharan Ashokkumar, Seok-Chan Kim · RSC Advances · 2024
Bhavika Bhatia, Nagarjuna Amarnath, Sumit Kumar Rastogi · Sustainable Chemistry · 2024
Shicai Yan, Xianjin Yang, Limin Wang · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · 2025
Cemil Dızman, Semiha Eral, Levent BABAYİĞİT · Journal of Polymers and the Environment · 2024
Vikas J. Patil, Kiran Shivaji Patil, Swapnil L. Sonawane · SSRN Electronic Journal · 2025
Hossein Ipakchi, Ali Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza Saeb · Elsevier eBooks · 2025
Weiyang Liu, Congying Lu, Minjia Xia · ACS Omega · 2026
Vikas V. Gite, Diwakar Chauhan, Bhushan S. Patil · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · 2026
T. Olszewski · Organics · 2024
Showing 10 of 18 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.
Related research
- A Novel Catalytic Synthesis of Flavones under Autoclave Conditions and Comparative Study of Anti-cancer Activity — shares topic coverage
- Theoretical Insight into the Reversal of Chemoselectivity in Diels-Alder Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Brønsted and Lewis Acids — shares topic coverage
- α-(Imino)pyridyldifluoroethyl Phosphonates: Novel Promising Building Blocks in Synthesis of Biorelevant Aminophosphonic Acids Derivatives — shares topic coverage
- MCR under Microwave Irradiation: Synthesis in Water of New 2-Amino-bis(2-phosphonoacetic) Acids — shares topic coverage
- A Sustainable Improvement of ω-Bromoalkylphosphonates Synthesis to Access Novel KuQuinones — shares topic coverage
Article metrics
Real usage data collected on this platform.
0
Page views
0
PDF downloads
0
Outbound clicks
18
Citations
Views by country
Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".
No views recorded yet.
Traffic sources
Referring site, by host.
No traffic recorded yet.
Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.