Self-Breast Examination: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Female Students in a Senior High School Setting, Ghana

Abstract

Breast cancer remained a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women globally, with early detection playing a critical role in improving outcomes. Self-breast examination (SBE) is a cost-effective and accessible screening tool, especially important for younger women who may have limited access to other screening methods. Despite its importance, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SBE remain understudied among adolescent females in Ghana. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to SBE among female students and examined factors influencing their awareness and performance of SBE. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1000 female students. Descriptive statistics summarized participants’ demographic characteristics, knowledge, and practices regarding SBE. Inferential analysis using Chi-square tests examined associations between demographic factors and SBE knowledge and practice, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. While a majority of students had heard of SBE, detailed knowledge about proper technique, timing, and significance was lacking, particularly among younger students. Age showed a significant association with SBE knowledge (p = 0.0012), whereas religion did not (p = 0.223). The gap between general awareness and in-depth understanding indicates that information exposure does not always translate into comprehensive knowledge or effective practice. There is an urgent need to implement structured, evidence-based breast health education early in the school curriculum to address knowledge gaps, particularly among younger students in this study setting. Interventions should include practical demonstrations and be delivered by healthcare professionals to enhance understanding and foster regular SBE practice. Addressing these gaps can improve early detection of breast abnormalities and contribute to better health outcomes.