Silkworm Pupal-derived Chitosan: Extraction, Properties and Emerging Applications in Sustainable Bioproduct Development

Abstract

Chitosan, obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, has attracted considerable interest owing to its biodegradable nature, compatibility with biological systems, and versatile functional properties. Although crustacean shells have long served as the predominant source of chitosan, increasing environmental concerns and limitations in raw material availability have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives. In this context, silkworm pupae, a significant byproduct of the sericulture industry, have emerged as a promising resource. This review critically examines chitosan derived from silkworm pupae, with particular focus on its structural features, sources, extraction techniques, physicochemical attributes, biological activities, and wide-ranging applications. Special attention is given to both conventional and eco-friendly extraction methods, including enzymatic treatment, microbial fermentation, and ultrasound-assisted processes, which have been shown to improve extraction efficiency and functional quality. Chitosan obtained from silkworm pupae exhibits several advantageous characteristics, such as enhanced solubility, a higher degree of deacetylation, and significant antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. These properties support its utilization across multiple sectors, including biomedicine, agriculture, food preservation, environmental management, and cosmetics, where it functions as a sustainable and bio-based material. Furthermore, its production aligns with principles of waste valorization and circular economy by converting sericultural byproducts into value-added products. Despite these promising attributes, challenges related to industrial-scale production, process standardization, and regulatory compliance continue to limit its broader adoption. Future research should therefore focus on addressing these constraints to facilitate the effective development and commercialization of silkworm pupal chitosan as an alternative biomaterial.