Maternal, Placental, and Fetal Complications of Preeclampsia in Low Resource Settings

Abstract

Background: Preeclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where healthcare resources are limited. Understanding the spectrum of its complications is critical for early recognition and management. Objectives: To review and synthesize existing literature on the maternal, fetal, and placental complications of preeclampsia, with a focus on challenges specific to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This review draws on published data from peer-reviewed studies conducted predominantly in low-resource settings, highlighting major complications and discussing limitations in available data. Results: Preeclampsia contributes to a wide range of maternal complications such as eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and organ dysfunction. Fetal outcomes include growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Placental pathology, though underreported, plays a central role in disease progression and outcomes.  Majority of complications and consequences of preeclampsia are preventable, which is why it is no longer a major concern in developed countries. However, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must adopt suitable and context-specific strategies to reduce its burden. Conclusion: Preeclampsia poses significant risks to mothers and infants in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Greater investment in early screening, community education, and health system strengthening is essential. More region-specific, recent data are needed to inform effective interventions.