Evaluating the Influence of Natural Conditions and Development Activities on Landslide Dynamics in the Bhagirathi Valley, India

Abstract

In the Himalayan region, where complex geological formations, steep topography, heavy monsoonal precipitation, and growing human activity all contribute to slope instability, landslides are one of the most serious geomorphic risks. Situated in the tectonically active Garhwal Himalaya, the Bhagirathi Valley in Uttarakhand is especially vulnerable to frequent landslides that undermine delicate mountain ecosystems, disrupt transportation networks, harm hydropower infrastructure, and put human settlements at risk. Using an integrated methodological approach that integrates field-based geological and geomorphological investigations with GIS and remote sensing techniques, this study offers a thorough assessment of both natural and man-made factors influencing landslide dynamics in the Bhagirathi Valley. Lithology, structural discontinuities, slope gradient, rainfall patterns, hydrological conditions, seismic activity, and river incision are among the important natural factors examined. Concurrently, human-caused elements like road building, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, and hydropower development are scrutinized. The results show that the intricate interaction between the valley's natural geological fragility and outside human influences controls the frequency of landslides. The study emphasizes that landslides in the Bhagirathi Valley are the outcome of interrelated human–environment interactions rather than just being natural occurrences. A sustainability-focused approach that incorporates ecosystem-based mitigation techniques, hazard-informed land-use planning, and active community involvement to reduce future hazards is suggested as a solution. In general, the study supports sustainable development in the Himalayan high areas and aids in attempts to reduce the danger of disaster.