Evaluation of Intestinal Parasites in Freshwater at the Confluence of Rivers Niger and Benue, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Globally, parasitic contamination of water is a major public health concern because living organisms depend on water. This study evaluated parasitic contamination in Rivers Niger and Benue at their confluence in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. A total of 544 freshwater samples were collected from four locations along the confluence and examined for parasites using sedimentation techniques between January and August 2022. Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to determine significant differences in parasite prevalence and distribution across locations and seasons. Of the 544 samples examined, 223 (41.00%) were positive for thirteen parasite species. Entamoeba histolytica had the highest prevalence, 40 (17.94%), followed by Trichuris trichiura, 29 (13.00%), while Cystoisospora belli had the lowest prevalence, 2 (0.90%). Kpata recorded the highest contamination rate, 78 (57.35%), whereas Adankolo recorded the lowest  rate, 30 (22.06%). A statistically significant difference was observed among the four locations (P < 0.05). Samples collected during the rainy season were more contaminated, 167 (43.49%), than those collected during the dry season, 56 (35.00%). The findings indicate high parasitic contamination at the confluence and suggest the need for improved hygienic practices, public awareness and proper treatment of water before domestic use.