Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern, leading to complications like diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness. Dyslipidemia, marked by abnormal lipid levels, is considered a risk factor for DR due to its role in endothelial dysfunction and i...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i6481
Background: Pediatric cataract remains a major cause of childhood blindness worldwide, with visual axis opacification (VAO) representing a frequent and challenging postoperative complication. Objective: To evaluate the incidence and factors associated with VAO following pediatric...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5480
Pythium keratitis, an aggressive vision-threatening infection that rarely affects children. We present the case of an 11-year-old boy who, three years after ocular trauma with a cow horn, experienced progressive corneal opacity and protrusion with vision loss in the right eye. He...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5479
The pervasive use of digital devices for education and recreation is linked to a rising incidence of binocular vision anomalies, particularly heterophoria, in children and young adults. This retrospective cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between excessive scree...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5478
Background: Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is a common post-cataract surgery complication, it is treated by Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy or surgical capsulotomy, nd; YAG laser is a safe, effective, and quick treatment, though it is associated with potential complications. Aim...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5477
Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory or demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve that presents with acute visual loss and periocular pain. Its clinical profile varies across regions due to genetic, environmental, and demographic influences. Aim: This study aimed to...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5476
Purpose: To compare the outcomes, postoperative recovery, and patient satisfaction between transcanalicular diode laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy (laser DCR) and conventional external dacryocystorhinostomy (external DCR) in patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct ob...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5475
Aim: To assess surgical outcomes and prognostic factors for traumatic retinal detachment following globe injuries among patients treated at a tertiary hospital in Northern Tanzania from December 2012 to November 2022. Study Design: A hospital based retrospective cohort study. Pla...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5474
Leukemias may have ophthalmic presentations due to infiltration of central nervous system leukemia and bone marrow relapse. Hypopyon uveitis as a presentation of relapse acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is very rare. In our case, a young men with acute lymphoblastic leukemia af...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5473
Aims: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a rare autoimmune uveo-meningeal disorder with variable clinical presentations. The aim of this report, prepared in accordance with the CARE case report checklist, is to describe a case of purely ocular VKH disease and highlight the rol...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5472
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy with multisystem involvement. We present the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with photophobia and difficulty seeing in dim light. Examination revealed central obesity, bilateral post-axial polydactyly of...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i5471
Background: Retinopathy of prematurity is a major cause of avoidable childhood blindness, particularly in premature infants with low birth weight and early gestational age. Both intravitreal Bevacizumab and Nd: YAG laser are established treatments for type 1 and aggressive poster...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i4470
Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) can affect visual function and general quality of life. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity and inflammation on the ocular surface, leading to insufficient tear secretion and excessive evaporation. Aims: The study aims to evaluate the eff...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i4469
Background: Refractory glaucoma possess a therapeutic challenge due to poor response to standard medical and surgical treatments. Cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) is an alternative method for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in such cases, however its use is often limited to...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i4468
Objective: To determine the proportion and factors associated with myopia progression among pediatric patients attending the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) in Northern Tanzania. Methods: A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pediatric...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/or/2025/v20i4467