Advancements in Heavy Metal Remediation: A Comprehensive Review of Physical, Chemical and Biological Strategies

Abstract

The objective of the review is to highlight the various ways to remediate heavy metal contamination especially Chemical remediation technologies which are of tremendous interest because they can remove and decompose contaminants in contaminated areas. Environmental contamination remains one of the most important global issues. Efforts are made to prevent the discharge of toxic substances into the environment. Many technologies for the remediation of soil, surface water, and groundwater have been developed over time. Nanoremediation and Biological methods, including phytoremediation and mycoremediation, are also discussed for their eco-friendly and cost-effective potential. This review focuses on various remediation strategies, including precipitation, flocculation, adsorption/ ion exchange, chemical oxidation, and soil washing among others. Remediation technologies are typically always intergrated, however, they can also be utilised alone. The type of pollutants and site conditions will determine which system is most cost-effective and efficient. Future Research should be directed towards improving existing and developing new environmentally friendly remedial solutions.