The Livornese Jewry in Tunis: Experiences of the Diasporic Community in the Unification of Italy and Beyond, 1830s-1939

Abstract

Aim: The present study analyses the unique case of the Jewish Italian community in Tunis ('Grana'), during the 19th and 20th centuries, emphasizing its close political ties with its country of origin (Tuscany and subsequently Italy). Unlike other communities of Jewish Sephardic origin in the Mediterranean basin that have integrated into local communities, the Grana has faithfully maintained its independence and defended its italianitá. This article explores the influence of this community on the political and ideological changes in Italy in three major periods: the unification of Italy, the imperialist race and the days of the Fascist regime, an era in which the political activity reached a peak among Italian Jews in Tunis. The Livornesi participated enthusiastically in the national movement, played a decisive role in the Franco-Italian imperial race, and were among the most determined opponents of fascism. Methodology: The method approach was characterized by examination and analysis of primary resources (historical Jewish press, consular letters, personal telegrams), using the various perspectives in contemporary North African Jewish studies, Italian Jewry studies and Mediterranean studies. Significance: The Grana example highlights the interplay between diaspora exiles vis-a-vis national self-determination claims. Shedding light on its experiences regarding significant issues in the history of its country of origin- such as its establishment, its imperial and colonial trends and the struggle for its character- may significantly contribute to understanding the role of a diasporic community in the development of its nation-state. In addition, any reconsideration of the European powers rivalry in relation to North Africa, must take into account the involvement of this community in the complex Franco-Italian-Tunisian forces.