Traditional Use of Forest Plants in South Sudan: A Comparative Ethnobotanical Study among Local Communities

Abstract

Medicinal plants remain central to traditional healthcare systems, especially in rural African communities like South Sudan, where forest resources support both livelihoods and primary medical needs. This study documents and compares the diversity of forest plant species and their traditional medicinal uses among local communities across different regions of South Sudan. Employing a descriptive ethnobotanical approach, data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and open- and closed-ended interviews with knowledgeable elderly informants, who possess extensive experience and deep familiarity with medicinal plants, their various parts, and preparation methods in the study area. The study also drew upon a comprehensive review of relevant peer- reviewed journals and previous ethnobotanical studies. Results revealed that a substantial proportion of the local population maintains rich knowledge of medicinal forest plants – including leaves, roots, stems, and branches, which are used to treat a wide range of ailments such as typhoid fever, malaria, respiratory tract infections, abdominal pain and colic, toothache, rheumatism, and general fevers. The study further highlights a noticeable decline in this indigenous knowledge among the elderly. This knowledge gap is largely attributed to weak intergenerational transmission, as youth prioritize daily livelihoods and urban migration in search of better economic opportunities. Additionally, the limited presence of educational and research institutions has hindered laboratory investigations and scientific development of these plants, reducing their potential integration into broader healthcare systems. The findings underscore the urgent need to document and scientifically evaluate indigenous knowledge to ensure the sustainable use of forest medicinal plants and to promote complementarity between traditional practices and modern healthcare.