Conservation and Assisted Restoration of IUCN-Listed Tree Species: A Review from the Western Ghats

Abstract

Tree species form the ecological backbone of terrestrial ecosystems, providing essential            ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, microclimate regulation, soil stabilization, and biodiversity support. However, anthropogenic pressures including deforestation, overexploitation, and climate change have led to the alarming decline of several ecologically significant trees, particularly in biodiversity hotspots like the Western Ghats of India. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the conservation of IUCN-listed threatened tree species, explores causes of decline, and highlights ecological restoration strategies emphasizing native plantation and ex-situ conservation. A case study conducted at the Centre for Environment Education (CEE) South Campus, Bengaluru, demonstrates practical restoration of selected species Pterocarpus santalinus (EN), Dipterocarpus indicus (VU), and Syzygium travancoricum (CR) under similar agro-climatic conditions. Preliminary results indicate a survival rate above 80% for most species, supporting the potential of assisted restoration outside their native range. The review concludes by recommending integrated, science-based conservation frameworks linking policy, community participation, and education for safeguarding India’s threatened flora.