Next-Generation Farming: The Role of Nanotechnology in Agricultural Sustainability

Abstract

Nanotechnology offers promising solutions for improving agricultural productivity and sustainability through precise nutrient delivery and crop protection. This review examines recent progress in agricultural nanotechnology, focusing on nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, soil and water management, and food packaging. We conducted a systematic literature survey using peer-reviewed research articles, reports, and reviews published in recent years. We compared nano-enabled agricultural inputs with conventional agrochemicals based on efficiency, environmental impact, and performance. The analysis shows that nano-fertilizers significantly improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yield through controlled release mechanisms. Nano-pesticides enhance pest management effectiveness at lower application rates, reducing environmental contamination. Additionally, nanomaterials improve soil moisture retention and extend food shelf life through active packaging technologies. Despite these benefits, concerns about environmental impact, toxicity, and regulations remain significant challenges. Overall, these findings suggest that agricultural nanotechnology has strong potential to support sustainable farming systems, as long as its development and use are guided by careful risk assessment and responsible management practices.