Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Pakistan Compared to Other South Asian Countries

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally, with significant burdens in both developed and underdeveloped nations. In Pakistan, CVD is a growing concern, contributing to nearly 29% of all fatalities. Despite its prominence, understanding of CVD in Pakistan remains limited, particularly concerning the reasons behind its high mortality rate compared to neighboring South Asian countries. This manuscript aims to address this gap by exploring the prevalence, mortality rates, and major risk factors of CVD in Pakistan. By utilizing data from various sources, including the Global Burden of Disease study and national health surveys in Pakistan, we analyze trends over the past three decades. Major risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking are examined in depth, with particular emphasis on their prevalence and impact within the Pakistani population. Genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and socioeconomic considerations are also examined as contributing risk factors to the leading cause of mortality of CVD in Pakistan. Our findings demonstrated that diabetes and hypertension, alongside the amount of healthcare spending in Pakistan, are primary reasons for the increased incidence of CVD. Furthermore, the effects of urbanization, regional disparities, and income levels on CVD prevalence and mortality rates are explored. Finally, we discuss potential interventions and policy strategies aimed at mitigating the growing burden of CVD in Pakistan, including healthcare initiatives, harm reduction strategies, and community-based interventions. Overall, the complex landscape of CVD in Pakistan emphasizes the urgent need for targeted interventions to address this public health challenge.