A Comprehensive Approach to Diagnosing Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: Canine heart diseases are among the most prevalent silent threats in veterinary practice. Myocardial disease is a commonly acquired cardiac condition in dogs, with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) being a significant contributor to chronic illness and mortality. DCM is marked by weakened heart muscle function, ventricular enlargement, and frequent tachyarrhythmia. Early detection of DCM is crucial for timely treatment, which plays a vital role in ensuring the pet's survival. This study focuses on application of electrocardiography, radiography and echocardiography to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Methods: The study was conducted for a period of six months during which 4509 dogs were brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur. Out of them, 109 dogs exhibiting clinical symptoms related to cardiac disorders such as ascites, obesity, abdominal distension, weight loss, persistent coughing, breathing difficulties, exercise intolerance, fainting or syncope, lethargy, swelling in the extremities, pale gums, and hind limb weakness were screened. Affected dogs were subjected to radiographic (thoracic), electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination to diagnose the underlying cardiac disease. Complying to the score card followed, dogs suffering with cardiac diseases were categorized into two groups, viz. Group- I (dogs affected with DCM) and Group -II (dogs predisposed to develop DCM, in future). Results: Amongst 109 dogs that underwent screening, 60 were found to have diverse cardiac disorders. Based on the diagnostic modalities used, six were diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) however, remaining 49 dogs were evaluated to be at risk of developing DCM. Electrocardiographic examination revealed ST coving and fine atrial fibrillation along with significant increase in the vertebral heart score on thoracic radiograph was evident in all cases diagnosed to be of DCM. Dilated left ventricular lumen and enlarged left atrium were revealed by echocardiography in these six dogs. Various cardiac measurements were altered due to changes in both the structure and function of the heart, attributed to dilated cardiomyopathy.