A Systematic Review of the Literature on the Connection Between Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Risk

Abstract

Anabolic Steroids (AS) are synthetic versions of testosterone produced by pharmaceutical companies to mimic the biological effects of natural testosterone. They are widely used to treat various pathological conditions such as anemia and cachexia. Additionally, steroids are commonly prescribed for patients with autoimmune, respiratory, and inflammatory diseases. However, it has been found that athletes, bodybuilders, and weightlifters often misuse these substances to enhance muscle mass and athletic performance. The misuse of AS, with overdoses ranging from 50 to 1000 times higher than those used for therapeutic purposes, raises significant concerns about the severe side effects associated with drug abuse. Excessive use of AS is significantly linked to cardiovascular complications, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and hypertrophy. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is one of the most frequently reported consequences of Anabolic Steroid AS. (1,2) use. The causes of AMI can vary, including Vasospasm, Atherosclerosis, and Hypercoagulability. Therefore, these conditions potentially increase morbidity and mortality, especially when AS is combined with thyroid hormones, growth hormones, or insulin. The primary aim of this study is to conduct a literature review of previous research regarding the combination of different AS mixtures with other substances that are potentially used for athletic and aesthetic purposes. This review seeks to highlight associations with morbidity and mortality. A total of 20 studies from peer-reviewed journals were analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines to provide a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of AS overdose in enhancing sports performance. Data were extracted from each study, and consensus among the studies was synthesized as part of the results and discussion section.