Bidirectional Influence of Helminths on Carcinogenesis in Humans: An Overview

Abstract

This review systematically examines the bidirectional influence of helminths on carcinogenesis in humans by analysing recent findings from peer-reviewed literature and global health reports during the time period from July 2024 to June 2025. Relevant studies were identified through a structured search of biomedical databases and evaluated for evidence linking helminth infections with cancer development or inhibition. The synthesis of data reveals that certain helminths, such as Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mansoni, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, are strongly associated with malignancies, including bladder and bile duct cancers, through mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue remodelling. At the same time, emerging evidence highlights a paradoxical role of other helminth species, whose immunomodulatory effects may suppress tumor progression by enhancing apoptosis or regulating immune responses. The results of this review highlight the complexity of helminth–cancer interactions, revealing both carcinogenic and potentially anti-cancer pathways. We conclude that understanding these dual effects is critical for developing strategies to mitigate cancer risk in endemic regions while exploring helminth-derived bioactive molecules as potential therapeutic agents. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms, identifying reliable biomarkers and evaluating translational applications that could turn pathogenic insights into innovative treatments.